diff --git a/Sources/UI/Input/ModifierBar.swift b/Sources/UI/Input/ModifierBar.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c0dfe8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Sources/UI/Input/ModifierBar.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+// ModifierBar.swift
+// Horizontal accessory bar providing sticky Ctrl, common special keys,
+// arrow keys with long-press repeat, and a clipboard paste action.
+//
+// The bar communicates exclusively through the `onSend` closure — it never
+// imports or references `WebSocketClient` directly, keeping it fully
+// testable in isolation.
+
+import SwiftUI
+
+// MARK: - Ctrl key name map
+
+/// Named tmux/terminal keys for Ctrl+letter combos.
+///
+/// Keys present here are sent as `{ type:"key", name:"ctrl-x" }`.
+/// Characters absent from this map fall back to the raw control-byte
+/// sequence sent via `{ type:"keys", data:"\x01" }`.
+private let ctrlKeyMap: [Character: String] = [
+    "a": "ctrl-a", "b": "ctrl-b", "c": "ctrl-c", "d": "ctrl-d",
+    "e": "ctrl-e", "f": "ctrl-f", "g": "ctrl-g", "h": "ctrl-h",
+    "i": "ctrl-i", "j": "ctrl-j", "k": "ctrl-k", "l": "ctrl-l",
+    "m": "ctrl-m", "n": "ctrl-n", "o": "ctrl-o", "p": "ctrl-p",
+    "q": "ctrl-q", "r": "ctrl-r", "s": "ctrl-s", "t": "ctrl-t",
+    "u": "ctrl-u", "v": "ctrl-v", "w": "ctrl-w", "x": "ctrl-x",
+    "y": "ctrl-y", "z": "ctrl-z",
+]
+
+// MARK: - ModifierBar
+
+/// Horizontal accessory bar: `[Ctrl][Esc][Tab][←][↑][↓][→][⇧↵][📋]`
+///
+/// - **Ctrl**: sticky modifier. When armed (highlighted), the next special key
+///   is sent prefixed with `ctrl-` (e.g. `ctrl-escape`). After dispatch the
+///   modifier disarms automatically.
+/// - **Esc / Tab / ⇧↵**: send the corresponding named key via `onSend`.
+/// - **← ↑ ↓ →**: single tap sends the key; long-press (≥ 400 ms) repeats
+///   every 100 ms while the button is held.
+/// - **📋**: presents `PasteSheet` for a confirm-before-paste flow.
+@MainActor
+struct ModifierBar: View {
+
+    // MARK: State
+
+    @StateObject private var modifierState = ModifierState()
+
+    // MARK: Public interface
+
+    /// Called when a frame should be sent to the server.
+    let onSend: (ClientToServer) -> Void
+
+    // MARK: Private state
+
+    @State private var showPasteSheet = false
+
+    // MARK: Body
+
+    var body: some View {
+        ScrollView(.horizontal, showsIndicators: false) {
+            HStack(spacing: 6) {
+                // ── Ctrl ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+                BarButton(
+                    title: "Ctrl",
+                    isActive: modifierState.ctrlActive
+                ) {
+                    modifierState.toggleCtrl()
+                }
+
+                Divider()
+                    .frame(height: 20)
+
+                // ── Static special keys ───────────────────────────────
+                BarButton(title: "Esc")  { sendKey("escape") }
+                BarButton(title: "Tab")  { sendKey("tab") }
+
+                Divider()
+                    .frame(height: 20)
+
+                // ── Arrow keys (long-press repeat) ────────────────────
+                RepeatingBarButton(title: "←") { sendKey("left")  }
+                    .onRepeatStateChanged { repeating in
+                        modifierState.isRepeating = repeating
+                    }
+
+                RepeatingBarButton(title: "↑") { sendKey("up")    }
+                    .onRepeatStateChanged { repeating in
+                        modifierState.isRepeating = repeating
+                    }
+
+                RepeatingBarButton(title: "↓") { sendKey("down")  }
+                    .onRepeatStateChanged { repeating in
+                        modifierState.isRepeating = repeating
+                    }
+
+                RepeatingBarButton(title: "→") { sendKey("right") }
+                    .onRepeatStateChanged { repeating in
+                        modifierState.isRepeating = repeating
+                    }
+
+                Divider()
+                    .frame(height: 20)
+
+                // ── Shift+Enter ───────────────────────────────────────
+                BarButton(title: "⇧↵") { sendKey("shift-enter") }
+
+                // ── Paste ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+                BarButton(title: "📋") {
+                    showPasteSheet = true
+                }
+                .sheet(isPresented: $showPasteSheet) {
+                    PasteSheet(isPresented: $showPasteSheet, onSend: onSend)
+                }
+            }
+            .padding(.horizontal, 8)
+            .padding(.vertical, 4)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // MARK: Key dispatch
+
+    /// Builds and dispatches a key frame, applying the sticky Ctrl modifier
+    /// when armed, then resets all modifiers.
+    ///
+    /// For named special keys the modifier is prepended as a prefix
+    /// (e.g. `ctrl-escape`, `ctrl-up`). For single-character inputs the
+    /// `ctrlKeyMap` is consulted first; unknown characters fall back to the
+    /// raw control-byte sequence via `.keys`.
+    private func sendKey(_ name: String) {
+        if modifierState.ctrlActive {
+            // Special-key path: prefix with "ctrl-"
+            let ctrlName = "ctrl-\(name)"
+            onSend(.key(name: ctrlName))
+        } else {
+            onSend(.key(name: name))
+        }
+        modifierState.reset()
+    }
+
+    // MARK: - Public helper (for external keyboard integration)
+
+    /// Resolves a raw character typed on a hardware/software keyboard into a
+    /// `ClientToServer` frame, applying the Ctrl modifier when armed.
+    ///
+    /// Callers may use this when integrating `ModifierBar` with a `TextField`
+    /// or `UITextView` delegate to honour the sticky Ctrl state.
+    ///
+    /// - Returns: The frame to send, or `nil` if `ctrlActive` is `false` and
+    ///   the caller should handle the character normally.
+    func frameForCharacter(_ char: Character) -> ClientToServer? {
+        guard modifierState.ctrlActive else { return nil }
+        defer { modifierState.reset() }
+        let lower = Character(char.lowercased())
+        if let keyName = ctrlKeyMap[lower] {
+            return .key(name: keyName)
+        }
+        // Fall back: compute raw control-byte (e.g. Ctrl+A = 0x01)
+        if let scalar = lower.asciiValue, scalar >= 0x61, scalar <= 0x7A {
+            let controlByte = scalar - 0x60          // 'a'=0x61 → 0x01
+            let raw = String(UnicodeScalar(controlByte))
+            return .keys(data: raw)
+        }
+        return nil
+    }
+}
+
+// MARK: - BarButton
+
+/// A uniformly styled pill button used in `ModifierBar`.
+@MainActor
+private struct BarButton: View {
+
+    let title: String
+    var isActive: Bool = false
+    let action: () -> Void
+
+    var body: some View {
+        Button(action: action) {
+            Text(title)
+                .font(.system(size: 14, weight: .medium, design: .monospaced))
+                .foregroundStyle(isActive ? Color.white : Color.primary)
+                .padding(.horizontal, 10)
+                .padding(.vertical, 6)
+                .background(
+                    RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 6, style: .continuous)
+                        .fill(isActive
+                              ? Color.accentColor
+                              : Color(uiColor: .systemGray5))
+                )
+        }
+        .buttonStyle(.plain)   // prevent SwiftUI from wrapping in extra chrome
+    }
+}
+
+// MARK: - RepeatingBarButton
+
+/// A bar button that fires its `action` immediately on touch-down, then
+/// repeats every 100 ms after an initial 400 ms delay while the finger
+/// remains pressed.
+@MainActor
+private struct RepeatingBarButton: View {
+
+    let title: String
+    let action: () -> Void
+
+    /// Optional callback invoked when the repeat cycle starts (`true`) or
+    /// stops (`false`). Use this to update `ModifierState.isRepeating`.
+    private var repeatStateHandler: ((Bool) -> Void)?
+
+    @State private var repeatTask: Task<Void, Never>?
+
+    var body: some View {
+        Text(title)
+            .font(.system(size: 14, weight: .medium, design: .monospaced))
+            .foregroundStyle(Color.primary)
+            .padding(.horizontal, 10)
+            .padding(.vertical, 6)
+            .background(
+                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 6, style: .continuous)
+                    .fill(Color(uiColor: .systemGray5))
+            )
+            // `onPressingChanged` fires `true` on touch-down and `false` on
+            // touch-up. `minimumDuration: 10` makes the `perform` closure
+            // unreachable in practice, so all logic lives in the callback.
+            .onLongPressGesture(
+                minimumDuration: 10,
+                maximumDistance: 50,
+                perform: { /* unreachable — intentional */ },
+                onPressingChanged: { isPressing in
+                    if isPressing {
+                        action()  // immediate first fire on touch-down
+                        startRepeating()
+                    } else {
+                        stopRepeating()
+                    }
+                }
+            )
+    }
+
+    // MARK: Helpers
+
+    private func startRepeating() {
+        repeatTask?.cancel()
+        repeatTask = Task { @MainActor in
+            do {
+                // Initial pause before the repeat cadence begins.
+                try await Task.sleep(for: .milliseconds(400))
+                repeatStateHandler?(true)
+                while !Task.isCancelled {
+                    action()
+                    try await Task.sleep(for: .milliseconds(100))
+                }
+            } catch {
+                // Task was cancelled — fall through to cleanup below.
+            }
+            repeatStateHandler?(false)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func stopRepeating() {
+        repeatTask?.cancel()
+        repeatTask = nil
+        // The handler is called with `false` inside the task's catch/finally
+        // path, but call it here too in case the task hadn't started yet.
+        repeatStateHandler?(false)
+    }
+
+    // MARK: Modifier-style API
+
+    /// Attaches a callback that is invoked when repeat mode starts/stops.
+    func onRepeatStateChanged(_ handler: @escaping (Bool) -> Void) -> RepeatingBarButton {
+        var copy = self
+        copy.repeatStateHandler = handler
+        return copy
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Sources/UI/Input/ModifierState.swift b/Sources/UI/Input/ModifierState.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c1c88b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Sources/UI/Input/ModifierState.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// ModifierState.swift
+// Observable sticky-modifier state for the ModifierBar.
+//
+// Design: Ctrl is "sticky" — tap once to arm, the next key sent
+// includes the Ctrl modifier, then the state automatically disarms
+// via `reset()`. `isRepeating` reflects whether an arrow key is
+// currently being held down in repeat mode.
+
+import Foundation
+
+// MARK: - ModifierState
+
+/// Observable state for sticky keyboard modifiers used by `ModifierBar`.
+///
+/// All mutations must happen on the main actor; consumers should observe
+/// via `@ObservedObject` or `@StateObject`.
+@MainActor
+final class ModifierState: ObservableObject {
+
+    // MARK: Published
+
+    /// Whether the Ctrl modifier is armed.
+    ///
+    /// When `true`, the next key dispatched by `ModifierBar` is sent as a
+    /// Ctrl combo (e.g. `ctrl-c`). The modifier disarms automatically after
+    /// the key is sent.
+    @Published var ctrlActive: Bool = false
+
+    /// Whether an arrow key is currently being held down in repeat mode.
+    ///
+    /// Set to `true` by `ModifierBar` when a long-press repeat cycle begins,
+    /// and back to `false` when the touch is released. Consumers may observe
+    /// this to suppress other UI interactions while repeating.
+    @Published var isRepeating: Bool = false
+
+    // MARK: Mutations
+
+    /// Toggles the Ctrl sticky modifier on / off.
+    func toggleCtrl() {
+        ctrlActive.toggle()
+    }
+
+    /// Disarms all modifiers (Ctrl and repeat state).
+    ///
+    /// Call this after any key has been dispatched to return to a neutral
+    /// modifier state.
+    func reset() {
+        ctrlActive = false
+        isRepeating = false
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Sources/UI/Input/PasteSheet.swift b/Sources/UI/Input/PasteSheet.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68081c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Sources/UI/Input/PasteSheet.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// PasteSheet.swift
+// Confirm-before-paste sheet that previews clipboard content and lets
+// the user approve or cancel before sending a bracketed-paste frame.
+//
+// Privacy note: `UIPasteboard.general.string` is accessed lazily when the
+// sheet appears. iOS 16+ shows a system banner ("App pasted from …") but
+// does not require an explicit entitlement for this access pattern.
+
+import SwiftUI
+import UIKit
+
+// MARK: - PasteSheet
+
+/// A modal sheet that displays the current clipboard text and asks the user
+/// to confirm before sending it to the terminal as a `paste` frame.
+///
+/// Dismiss flow:
+/// - **Paste** → encodes content as `{ type:"paste", data:"…" }` and calls
+///   `onSend`, then sets `isPresented` to `false`.
+/// - **Cancel** → sets `isPresented` to `false` with no send.
+@MainActor
+struct PasteSheet: View {
+
+    // MARK: Bindings / callbacks
+
+    @Binding var isPresented: Bool
+    let onSend: (ClientToServer) -> Void
+
+    // MARK: Private state
+
+    /// The clipboard string captured when the view appears.
+    @State private var clipboardContent: String? = nil
+
+    // MARK: Body
+
+    var body: some View {
+        NavigationStack {
+            Group {
+                if let content = clipboardContent {
+                    if content.isEmpty {
+                        emptyClipboardView
+                    } else {
+                        previewView(content: content)
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    emptyClipboardView
+                }
+            }
+            .navigationTitle("Paste")
+            .navigationBarTitleDisplayMode(.inline)
+            .toolbar {
+                ToolbarItem(placement: .cancellationAction) {
+                    Button("Cancel") {
+                        isPresented = false
+                    }
+                }
+                if let content = clipboardContent, !content.isEmpty {
+                    ToolbarItem(placement: .confirmationAction) {
+                        Button("Paste") {
+                            onSend(.paste(data: content))
+                            isPresented = false
+                        }
+                        .fontWeight(.semibold)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        .onAppear {
+            // Capture clipboard when the sheet is presented.
+            // Accessing on the main actor satisfies UIKit's thread requirement.
+            clipboardContent = UIPasteboard.general.string
+        }
+    }
+
+    // MARK: Sub-views
+
+    /// Shown when the clipboard is nil or empty.
+    private var emptyClipboardView: some View {
+        VStack(spacing: 12) {
+            Image(systemName: "clipboard")
+                .font(.largeTitle)
+                .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+            Text("Clipboard is empty")
+                .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+        }
+        .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, maxHeight: .infinity)
+    }
+
+    /// Scrollable preview of the clipboard text with a bottom Paste button.
+    private func previewView(content: String) -> some View {
+        VStack(spacing: 0) {
+            // Scrollable text preview
+            ScrollView([.vertical, .horizontal]) {
+                Text(content)
+                    .font(.system(size: 13, design: .monospaced))
+                    .foregroundStyle(.primary)
+                    .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .leading)
+                    .padding()
+                    .textSelection(.enabled)
+            }
+            .background(Color(uiColor: .systemGroupedBackground))
+
+            Divider()
+
+            // Character count footer
+            HStack {
+                Label(
+                    "\(content.count) character\(content.count == 1 ? "" : "s")",
+                    systemImage: "text.cursor"
+                )
+                .font(.caption)
+                .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                Spacer()
+            }
+            .padding(.horizontal)
+            .padding(.vertical, 8)
+
+            // Primary action button
+            Button {
+                onSend(.paste(data: content))
+                isPresented = false
+            } label: {
+                Label("Paste into Terminal", systemImage: "doc.on.clipboard")
+                    .font(.body.weight(.semibold))
+                    .frame(maxWidth: .infinity)
+                    .padding(.vertical, 14)
+            }
+            .buttonStyle(.borderedProminent)
+            .padding(.horizontal)
+            .padding(.bottom, 16)
+        }
+    }
+}